In this paper, we have tried to examine how (EKC) inverted U-shaped curve of economic growth and the ENVIRONMENTAL quality is created, based on the microeconomic theories and optimal dynamic situations. First, different ways of shaping (EKC) inverted U-shaped curve, based on both static and dynamic models have been described, considering the said hypotheses and conditions. Findings show that people' s preferences change during the process of economic growth is the main factor in creation of KUZNETS curve.

Introduction: Over a long period of time, there can be a direct correlation between economic growth and ENVIRONMENTAL quality, a negative correlation, or a combination of the two. Many studies and research have been conducted on this topic (the relationship between economic growth and ENVIRONMENTAL quality). In the field of sustainability economics, one of the most significant debates involves the effects of economic growth on the environment. Currently, fossil fuels are being used more and more intensively due to the industrialization of our societies. The combustion of these fuels results in the emission of a wide range of toxic and hazardous substances. This has a detrimental effect on the environment, including global warming and climate change. As a result of this study, three different forms of real GDP per capita have been examined: an inverted U shape, an N shape, and a combination of each of these three shapes. In terms of the volume of pollutants emitted from the industrial sector, the power of two and the power of three were calculated for 12 industrial provinces of the country during the period of 1376-1399 using the long-term panel econometric method of dynamic least squares. The results of the estimations are such that the ENVIRONMENTAL assumptions of KUZNETS are valid for all three pollutants. In addition, an increase in real GDP per capita is associated with an increase in pollution. After reaching the maximum, the amount of pollution decreased. Finally, with a further increase in production, the rate of pollution decreased. According to the DOLS technique, the upward trend of increasing pollution continues, and the Nshaped curve has been confirmed by specifying the second and third-degree relationships of economic growth in 12 industrial provinces during the specified period by using the DOLS technique. Materials and methods: The first objective of this study is to investigate the mean of the variables using panel unit root tests. After that, with the Kao cointegration test, we determine whether or not there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. To conclude, the coefficients of variables have been estimated using the fully modified least squares method and dynamic least squares. Results: An inverted U and an N shape of GDP were examined in three different ways,at first glance, the power of two and the power of three affected pollution levels in the industry sector. Using long-term panel econometric methods of dynamic least squares, 12 industrial provinces between 1376 and 1399 will be examined for carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. In all three cases, the estimation results are such that KUZNETS' assumptions about the environment are valid. Discussion: As a result of the estimation of the models using the DOLS method in the investigation of KUZNETS' ENVIRONMENTAL curve, and by specifying economic growth relationships at the second and third degree in 12 industrial provinces in the country during the selected period, the Nshaped curve has been confirmed. The inclusion of the urbanization variable in the model has led to an increasing correlation between pollution and urbanization. The consumption of fossil fuels has increased as a result of urbanization, resulting in a rise in air pollution. In the ascending part of the KUZNETS ENVIRONMENTAL curve, Iran is clearly in the first stage of pollution. Furthermore, it is at the beginning of the relationship between production and pollution. Additionally, we will witness long-term pollution accumulation in the environment as pollution in Iran continues to grow at a positive rate.

Today, ENVIRONMENTAL issues, especially water and air pollution problems have become a major global concern. Air pollution, affects the health of living organisms and natural ecosystems. According to various studies, financial development in a country may attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and higher degrees of research and development (R & D). This, in turn can, increase the ENVIRONMENTAL performance and thereby reduce ENVIRONMENTAL pollution. This investigation aims to examine the role of financial development and energy consumption in Iran during 1971-2007, in the framework of the ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS curve, using ARDL approach. According to results further financial development in Iran lead to decrease of CO2 emissions. In addition, an increase in energy consumption in Iran is likely to increase CO2 emissions. Also, the results reject the ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS Curve HYPOTHESIS in Iran in the long-term.

In this study the economic factors affecting road accidents are investigated through the ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS HYPOTHESIS ((EKC)) framework. Based on the HYPOTHESIS, the road mortality rate increases in the early stages of economic growth and ultimately because of technical progress, increase in the related investments, and improve in medical care, the road mortality rate decreases as the economic growth increases.Therefore, in this study the relationship between road mortality and economic growth is analyzed in econometric methods framework, OLS, for the time period 1971-2009. Results obtained from this study show that there is a relationship between economic growth and traffic fatalities, so that traffic fatalities have increased along with economic growth till reaching to a critical point, and after that will reduce. In other words, the same relation to the KUZNETS inverted U- is shaped for traffic fatalities and per capita GDP relation for Iran.The other results obtained in this study indicate that there is a negative relationship between traffic fatalities with investment in transport infrastructure, improvement of health care and cultural indicators, and also a positive relationship with the number of vehicles per capita rate.

Despite the fact that economic growth provides the basis for the progress of societies, it increases pollution and, as a result, destroys the environment and reduces the welfare of societies. On the other hand, preserving and protecting the environment is one of the most important pillars of achieving sustainable development. Regardless of the ENVIRONMENTAL issue, natural and human resources will be depleted and will have dire consequences on the planet and even in human societies. The environment is considered as a factor, which affects and is affected by both economic growth and sustainable development. In developing countries, overproduction and economic growth generally lead to ENVIRONMENTAL degradation. In this study, the effects of reverse U-shaped and N-shaped curve of GDP on the surface variable with power two and three on the pollutant’, s emission volume is investigated. Also, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide using long-term panel econometric methods, including,panel unit root test, Kao co-integration test, FMOLS and DOLS for 30 provinces of the country over 1997-2017 were considered. As a result, estimates suggest that the ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS assumptions are the same for all five pollutants, and as GDP increases, pollution first increases, then begins to decline after reaching the peak point, and finally continues to rise by increasing reproduction. In other words, the results of the estimates indicate the confirmation of the N-shaped relationship between the provinces of Iran.

In order to investigate possible ways to reduce ENVIRONMENTAL degradation while increasing production and economic growth, it is important to study the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth using ENVIRONMENTAL indicators. In this study, we examine the KUZNETS ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOTHESIS through two indicators of ENVIRONMENTAL performance and green economy growth indices for panel data of 134 countries from 1980-1980 using the fixed effects models. The results show KUZNETS's ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOTHESIS by both indicators is not rejected. Then, we examine the impact of trade, foreign direct investment, education and research and development on all three indicators using the fixed effect model. The results show that trade has a significant effect on the ENVIRONMENTAL performance index and CO2 emissions in the ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS curve. Foreign direct investment has a significant effect only on the KUZNETS curve index and leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Education growth has a positive and significant effect on the ENVIRONMENTAL performance index and Research and development growth has not significant effect on any of the indicators. According to the results, it is suggested to the policymakers to design and implement coherent ENVIRONMENTAL policies while paying attention to the development and increase of the income of their country by considering ENVIRONMENTAL indicators. For example, the increase in trade and education, if it is increased in a planned manner, according to the planned rules and principles, will improve the quality of the environment.

Purpose: Although the relationship between economic growth and ENVIRONMENTAL degradation has been supported by theoretical justifications from empirical studies, including the (EKC) curve, it has not yet gained sufficient comprehensiveness and acceptance. Accordingly, in line with the main purpose of this study, the relationship between economic growth and ENVIRONMENTAL degradation was retrospectively examined in the framework of (EKC) HYPOTHESIS. Methodology: This research has been done as an original paper using keyword analysis methods. The statistical sample of the research includes Web of Science (WOS), Scopus search engine and Scientific Information Database (SID). About 1340 records were extracted in various formats such as articles, books, conferences, conferences, abstracts, and notes. Among these, 340 records were related to scientific articles, of which 122 records were allocated to articles with keywords. Accordingly, these articles were considered for analysis. Findings: On one hand, considering the different and contradictory results that have been the result of the work of many researchers in this field, and on the other hand, given that the type of ENVIRONMENTAL indicators used in all these studies is not a comprehensive indicator for the ENVIRONMENTAL quality, the obtained results will be invalid and cannot be the right criterion for adopting and implementing appropriate economic-ENVIRONMENTAL policies. Originality/Value: Using a composite index showing all the dimensions related to ENVIRONMENTAL pollution and to be a true representative of ENVIRONMENTAL quality, can provide a more accurate analysis of the (EKC) HYPOTHESIS in future researches.